Report for multimedia presentation Essay Example

Report for sight and sound introduction Essay The subject I have decided for my introduction is after school exercises. I picked this subject as I am keen on what the school brings to the table to individuals who appreciate different exercises outside of school. Additionally I take an interest in a great deal of these exercises so I had an excellent comprehension of how they have created and accomplished. I likewise believe that all understudies ought to know about what extra curricular angles the school offers as it encourages them to figure out how to fill in as a group and become acquainted with the remainder of the understudies better. Decision of utilization I have picked Microsoft power point to introduce my introduction as I know about this application from different assignments and subsequently I have a decent comprehension of how to utilize it. It is likewise very time proficient while introducing data to a crowd of people as you don't sit around evolving overheads. Likewise pictures, charts, sounds and outlines can be included which makes it all the more intriguing to watch. Microsoft power point permits me to import pictures from plates and furthermore the web to use in my introduction, which is extremely useful as clasp workmanship doesn't have all the fundamental pictures I may need. We will compose a custom exposition test on Report for mixed media introduction explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Report for sight and sound introduction explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Report for sight and sound introduction explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer The slide show permits me to pick how I need to structure the slide and what data I need to be entered. It permits me to pick the planning of the adjustments in the slide and what impacts I need included. Arranging my slide show first slide: For my title I will utilize Kristen ict textual style and will have it at size 44. My title will be My media introduction. For the picture from clipart I will utilize a lady on a PC. I will likewise add a cheering sound to include more impact. The title will turn out to be large and afterward decline into position as the name will show up. The picture had a blinds impact included and furthermore the sound will come on. second slide: The creepy crawly chart will contain all the after school exercises and the data adjacent to it will educate use regarding the exercises. I will pick brilliant hues for the creepy crawly outline as it will be increasingly alluring and will draw in my crowds consideration better. My Title will be After School Activities and will likewise be size 44 and Kristen Ict. I will pick a brilliant back ground so it is all the more engaging. The title will have the impact to skip in from the privilege and the data will show up as a blinds impact. The arachnid chart will show up from originating from the base after the data has got done with showing up. third slide: My third slide will be founded on the after school action Gaelic. Gaelic will be my title and will be textual style Kristen Ict and will be size 44. I will clarify the foundation for our Gaelic group and how individuals can join, in the data part. I will have an image of a Gaelic group for my picture and will turn it after the data has been gotten with the impact precious stone. I have likewise made this foundation beautiful to pull in individuals and will do as such all through my introduction. This slide will show the alternative of the school ensemble. It will have data on the accomplishments and how to join. I should examine an image of the school ensemble onto the slide as the clasp craftsmanship doesn't contain an image of the school ensemble. The title will slip into position as the content roll in from the right. The picture will have a checkerboard impact too. My fifth slide will be on the schools netball crew. I will have data on when and how you can join the group. The content will have a shading typewriter impact added to it. The two pictures I will have, I will download them from the schools site and have a turn impact to the photos. My title will have two impacts, unfurl and afterward look in as these are both extremely short impacts. My last slide will contain data on our Hockey exercises. I will clarify in my content the past of our school hockey group and furthermore the preparation days for any individual who needs to join. The impact, which I will use to introduce this content, will be unfurl. This sets aside a long effort to finish so I should rearrange the time with the goal that it will be speedier. I will have a picture imported from the Internet of a tackle in hockey. This picture will sling from the left and afterward settle in the right position. The title will have a stretch impact when it is entering. To import the pictures I will use in my slide show I should visit the locales, which contain these photos and spares them in My Pictures. I will at that point have the option to add them to my clasp workmanship where I can utilize them for my introduction. This is the site I used to import my video cut I tapped the second catch on my mouse and afterward I spared it to my PC. I at that point went to my introduction and added the video to my clasp workmanship. I utilized a similar strategy for bringing in the pictures I utilized yet I got the majority of the pictures from the Thornhill site. My introduction will be intended for young people somewhere in the range of 12 and 18. I will attempt to adjust my introduction to my crowd however much as could reasonably be expected in the proper manner. I will utilize splendid hues to stand out for them and use as meager composition as conceivable however enough for them to comprehend and not get exhausted. I will utilize impacts that will likewise stand out for them and will make them need to peruse the introduction. I will attempt to use as much pictures as possible to clarify what my introduction is about. I have chosen to make the introduction on a point that incorporates The crowd all things considered about their school and what they bring to the table them as extra curricular exercises. I will likewise add sounds to my introduction to keep the crowd mindful and it will likewise make them need to tune in. For my text style I will make it less formal and attempt to adjust it to one, which is appropriate for my crowd.

The Ad Hoc Persona

Question: Decipher the Ad Hoc Persona into an account and guide purchaser experience. We invest a ton of energy discussing brand story and brand paradigms in MSC566. Presently were looking that the other size of the riddle, the model drives inside the purchaser. Make a story for your Ad Hoc persona. Discussion about lives and the experience where the brand or item crosses in account. Utilize the accompanying inquiries to manage your story development however talk in first individual (I or we). As you make your personas story, consider the brand/association/cause you are speaking to. What are their guiding principle or original? You are focusing on this persona as illustrative of your crowd. Keep concentrated on what is important and how that shows in their day by day life. You are searching for the connection that permits you to make significance between the brand and the buyer. Focus on the article by Spool. Answer: Crowd Engagement Persona for: Macro Appliance shop Name: John Calling: Sales administrator for a retail organization Age:35 Purchasing style: Detail arranged and levelheaded leader. Reason: To locate the best an incentive for the cash contributed. Objective: To supplant a small scale stove. Objective: To sell Kiara a small scale stove. Challenge: Kiara will look at the best cost. Kiara dwells in a remote town in the northeastern piece of the US. She has a propensity for shopping on the web a large portion of her things excepting food supplies. Her miniaturized scale broiler quit working a week ago and has pushed the thing in substitution list. It had a guarantee of 2 years yet has figured out how to work for over 3 years currently, however was given for a fix couple of times. She was very certain even from that point forward that the following small scale stove would be a marked piece with a long working period. She is hoping to buy another smaller scale stove with unwavering quality of in any event seven years. She has done broad inquiry online to locate the mainstream brands and their selling cost in the close by stores of the town. She is star on perusing through online surveys of different items, and figured out how to peruse a great deal of the favored brands she had in her psyche to finish her best pick. She needed a small scale wave with all the most r ecent capacities however cost is another integral factor for her. She is prepared to pay as much as $600 however the item should have top notch, solidness, and all the most recent highlights. She has get some answers concerning numerous worldwide brands in the market yet the greater part of them are premium evaluated. As she focused in on her favored image model, she will make arrangements to locate the smaller scale stove with the appropriate blend of unwavering quality and cost at the chose stores in the town. Kiara visits Macro Appliance shop to buy the miniaturized scale broiler. She searched for the kitchen machine area in the shop, and began searching for the accessible brands in the value go she was searching for. She found the brand and asked about the highlights from a sales rep. She was told about the highlights and essential directions to work the small scale stove. She discovered it very easy to use, and with a fundamental guidance manual gave, it would be part simpler for her. Kiara was relentless dazzled with her decision as it had all the highlights she needed to have in the new stove. Additionally, the small scale broiler went in close vicinity to her ideal value go. To test further, she asked about other accessible brands and their selling cost. She gave a call to her significant other to advise about her buying choice before gesturing to the sales rep. When settled upon, she chose to buy it and went to the value counter to complete it. She was given guarantee card with the item and educated about their 24*7 call community to help the clients for a wide range of questions, grumblings or any type of help.

Halloween Tag

Halloween Tag Halloween was yesterday, marking the end of the spoopiest of months. Were trading pumpkin dances for turkeys and Christmas carols sung wayyyy too early (anything pre-December is too early in my book, in case you were wondering). This year I was far more concerned with all the mid-semester work than coming up with an awesome costume, but such is college life sometimes. My dad decided to send me a surprise Halloween-themed care package a week or two ago, which was probably the most festive part of my month. There were candy pumpkins, what looked like an entire Costco pack of fruity/sour candy, a movie, some foodstuffs, some other cool knicknacks, and a copy of Zac Gormans new comic Costume Quest: Invasion of the Candy Snatchers. Because handing out Halloween candy is one of my favorite parts of the holiday, I set a bowl outside my door and kept it stocked with a combination of the care package candy (so I wouldnt eat all of it) and some things from a chocolate variety pack I bought from Shaws. My suite upped its decoration game after one of our freshmen, Jimmy M. 18, recieved some of those stringy spider webs in the mail. Pretty creppy. The day before Halloween, MacGregor had a dorm-wide study break in which we could eat fun pumpkin spice and apple-themed foods and carve pumpkins! Pumpkin carving is definitely one of my favorite parts of the holiday, and before this year I didnt really have enough time to sit down and actually do it. I carved two pumpkins this year, one with a jack-o-lantern within a carved pumpkin within the real pumpkin (a pumpumpumkinkinkin, if you will), and one with the headless horseman because Ive been watching too much Sleepy Hollow. My friend Fejiro O. 18 also carved an owl! This was apparently her first time carving a pumpkin, so I think she has natural gourd-shaping talent.   On Halloween, I didnt really do any trick-or-treating myself. Although other people in B-Entry decided to don costumes and wander around to all the MacGregor GRTs to get some treats. (I did, however, get some leftover Capri Sun juices that were being handed out by our GRTs). Instead, I watched a couple people play Blokus, put on Ghostbusters while making some pumpkin spice rice krispie treats with caramel stems, and then sat down and watched the latest episode of American Horror Story: Freak Show while eating said rice krispie treats with some of my friends. Nothing too eventful, but I guess thats the way I prefer my Friday nights. Oh. I also made a bonus vlog last weekend featuring the Halloween Tag from YouTube. I didnt get around editing it until now (sorry Im out of focus for like the first minute vlogging struggles) and its almost entirely unrelated to MIT, but you might learn some random Halloween-related things about my life. Bloggers are normal people too :) Post Tagged #MacGregor House

Analysis Of Bible Class Offered At Ohio Valley - 1477 Words

For the midterm project in the Introduction to Bible class offered at Ohio Valley University, I will be conducting a book review over the book How to Read the Bible for all its Worth by Gordon D. Fee Douglas Stuart published by Zondervan Publishing in 2014. In addition to reading the book, I have learned several new things and also learned the authors argument in how reading the Bible is important. Furthermore, the book How to Read the Bible for all its Worth helps to inform people on how to understand the book of the Bible and how to understand the text in a better way or form. In the beginning of the book, it starts off by explaining the purpose of how the reader of the Bible can become a better interpreter. Sometimes while reading the Bible, words and the way they are stated are hard to understand and comprehend. In the book, it simply states how the words of the Bible can be put into your own by interpretation. In addition, the book also states that the Bible is God’s word and he’s speaking to all of us no matter what including generation, culture, or who we are. It is important to understand what God is trying to tell us to help us better ourselves and know what he is expecting out of us as human beings that he created. Hermeneutics is also brought up being defined as the correct interpretation of the bible according to the book. Additionally, God also speaks in narrative when telling a lot of different stories. However, God speaks those narratives in three differentShow MoreRelatedMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 Pagesand be an effective instructional tool. Although case books abound, you and your students may find this somewhat unique and very readable, a book that can help transform dry and rather remote concepts into practical reality, and lead to lively class discussions, and even debates. In the gentle environment of the classroom, students can hone their analytical skills and also their persuasive skills—not selling products but selling their ideas—and defend them against critical scrutiny. This isRead MoreCase Studies67624 Words   |  271 PagesCase Studies C-1 INTRODUCTION Preparing an effective case analysis C-3 CASE 1 CASE 2 CASE 3 CASE 4 CASE 5 CASE 6 CASE 7 ABB in China, 1998 C-16 Ansett Airlines and Air New Zealand: A flight to oblivion? C-31 BP–Mobil and the restructuring of the oil refining industry C-44 Compaq in crisis C-67 Gillette and the men’s wet-shaving market C-76 Incat Tasmania’s race for international success: Blue Riband strategies C-95 Kiwi Travel International Airlines Ltd C-105 CASE 8 Beefing up the beeflessRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 PagesPerry Weddle, Tiffany Whetstone, and the following reviewers: David Adams, California State Polytechnic University; Stanley Baronett, Jr., University of Nevada-Las Vegas; Shirley J. Bell, University of Arkansas at Monticello; Phyllis Berger, Diablo Valley College; Kevin Galvin, East Los Angeles College; Jacquelyn Ann Kegley, California State University-Bakersfield; Darryl Mehring, University of Colorado at Denver; Dean J. Nelson, Dutchess Community College; James E. Parejko, Chicago State University;Read More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 Pagesto Statistics and Data Analysis This page intentionally left blank Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis Third Edition Roxy Peck California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo Chris Olsen George Washington High School, Cedar Rapids, IA Jay Devore California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo Australia †¢ Brazil †¢ Canada †¢ Mexico †¢ Singapore †¢ Spain †¢ United Kingdom †¢ United States Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis, Third Edition Roxy PeckRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pageslamentable. Taken together, the key themes and processes that have been selected as the focus for each of the eight essays provide a way to conceptualize the twentieth century as a coherent unit for teaching, as well as for written narrative and analysis. Though they do not exhaust the crucial strands of historical development that tie the century together—one could add, for example, nationalism and decolonization—they cover in depth the defining phenomena of that epoch, which, as the essays demonstrateRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagespractical ways to apply the material on the job. NEW videos—up-to-date videos showing management topics in action, access to the complete management video library, as well as instructional materials for integrating clips from popular movies into your class, are at www.mymanagementlab.com. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Chapter-by-Chapter Changes Chapter 1: What Is Organizational Behavior? †¢ Entirely new Opening Vignette (The New Normal?) †¢ New feature: glOBalization! †¢ New Myth or Science? (â€Å"Most Acts

How to Successfully Teach Private English Lessons

Whether you are looking to increase your salary or want to transition into a more flexible teaching schedule, you might be considering becoming a one-to-one English tutor. Private tutoring can be a highly rewarding experience. Learn the pros and cons of becoming a private English teacher and find out how to get started. Pros and Cons of Tutoring English Before you jump into one-on-one English teaching, make sure this role is a good fit for you. Consider the advantages and disadvantages of the job to decide whether the additional responsibility of private teaching is something that you are ready to take on. Advantages There are many pros of teaching private English lessons. For many, these include the flexibility, experience, and earnings that the job provides. Flexibility. One-to-one teaching of any kind is built around your schedule. Whether tutoring is your only job or more of a side gig, lessons are delivered on your time.Experience. The very nature of private tutoring requires you to tailor instruction to student needs. The experience that you will gain differentiating instruction for a single student—constantly tapping into learning styles and intelligences—is invaluable and will improve your practice across the board.Earnings. It goes without saying that you will make more money if you start working more but some full-time tutors even earn as much as teachers while working fewer hours. There are many variables involved but private tutoring is always fairly lucrative. Disadvantages Tutoring has its drawbacks as well. Among these are the travel, instability, and unpredictability that come with teaching private lessons. Travel. Most tutors have multiple clients. Depending on where you live and what you tutor, your clients could be very spread out. Tutors often spend a good deal of time traveling to and from their students homes. If this is an issue, tutoring might not right for you.Instability. Tutoring work ebbs and flows. You will not always have a steady stream of jobs, especially when you are first starting out. If you are relying on a stable income or a consistent schedule, you should probably not pursue private teaching.Unpredictability. A diverse client base comes with unpredictability. Students cancel, plans change, and you have to accommodate your students and their families often when you are a tutor in order to keep them as clients. This job is not for those who dont adapt well to change. Getting Started Tutoring If you have considered the pros and cons of this role and are sure that you want to become a private English teacher, you can start preparing for your first students. You will need to understand what each of your clients requires in order to design productive instruction that meets their needs—the best way to start is by performing a needs analysis. From there, the results of your analyses will help you plan lessons. How to Conduct a Needs Analysis A needs analysis can be as formal or informal as you would like. However you choose to assess your students, keep in mind that a) Each of your students will have very different needs and b) Your students might not be able to tell you what they need. Your job is to find out what your clients hope to get out of tutoring even when they cant vocalize it themselves and what level of experience they have with English. You should start your needs analyses with this quiz to determine how comfortable your students are with the language. Some will have studied English extensively in the past and are already approaching fluency while others might just be getting started. Your one-to-one teaching needs to pick up wherever your students left off. Once youve administered a quiz, follow these steps to finish your needs analysis. Have a conversation in English. Warm up with a casual conversation. Try to speak Standard English as much as possible (e.g. avoid local language, slang, etc.) to begin and then switch to the learners style when they start talking.Ask why the learner is looking to improve their English. Use your clients motives to inform your teaching. Work and travel are common reasons for improving English skills. If a learner is unable to express their goals, offer suggestions. Encourage your clients to provide as much detail as possible for this answer.Ask about experiences with English. Has the learner taken English classes for years? Taken no classes at all? Did they grow up in a household that spoke only broken English and theyre hoping to develop something closer to fluency? If they have ever taken English tests, try to acquire results.Provide a brief reading comprehension exercise. Speaking and reading English are two very different tasks—found out the extent to which your learners can do both. Give them a short reading and listening exercise to assess their reading comprehension.Administer a writing task. You do not need to give a learner this task right away if they demonstrate very limited English skills—your first order of business for them is to develop their spoken English. Give this intermediate grammar review quiz only to more advanced speakers.Gather results. Compile the data from all of the above assessments into a comprehensive summary of each students abilities. Designing Learning Goals Use the results of your needs analyses to establish learning goals for your students. In general, every lesson should have a learning goal or two to guide instruction. Share these targets with your students before you begin to make each session more purposeful. Be detailed and specific when writing these goals. Here are some examples of one-to-one English lesson learning goals. By the end of this lesson, the student will be able to: Correctly identify the subject of a spoken or written sentence.Demonstrate eye contact, proper intonation, appropriate rhythm, and confidence when presenting.Analyze written English for proper verb tense usage and make corrections as needed.Demonstrate proficiency in speaking informal English in the context of grocery shopping. The more precise your learning goals, the more likely your students are to reach them. Strong learning goals help your students to communicate what they are learning and help you keep your instruction aligned with long-term objectives. Planning Instruction With your learning goals mapped out, you can select engaging activities and exercises for your students to practice in order to reach them. The range of activities to choose from when working one-on-one with a student is endless. Learn about your students interests and take advantage of the wiggle room that private tutoring allows. If ever something isnt working, simply try something else.

Psychology Memory Test Notes Free Essays

Short term memory: where small amounts of information can be stored for a small period of time. Long term memory: where limitless amounts of information can be stored for a very long period of time. Capacity: amount of information that can be held at any given time. We will write a custom essay sample on Psychology Memory Test Notes or any similar topic only for you Order Now Duration: the length of time that memories can be held. Encoding: the method in which information is expressed in a particular memory store. Displacement: a way of memory being erased from the short term memory before it an be transferred into the long term memory. Interference: when information which is stored in the long term memory is confused with similar information. Free recall: if a participant is asked to listen to 7 words and repeat them in FREE RECALL that means that the participant DOES NOT have to repeat the words in the order they were stated in. Serial recall: if a participant is asked to listen to 7 words and repeat them in that means that the participant HAS TO repeat the words in the order they were stated in. Digit span technique: a method of measuring the capacity of the short term memory by asking participants to repeat a string of items which gradually increases until recall is not possible. Information processing systems are called models. The manipulation and transformation of information is controlled by the process of: – encoding – retrieval strategies – rehearsal there are three separate sensory stores according to AS: – iconic store – echoic store – haptic store sperling ( )- used a chart containing three rows ot letters tor a second. This was used to find evidence for the sensory memory. Items remain in the sensory memory for a very brief period of time. possibly less then two seconds) – information in the sensory memory is in a relatively unprocessed form. – information is passively registered in sensory memory. We cant control what enters. AS believed the two different stores were different in terms of: – how long they last (duration) – how much information they can store (capacity) how they store information (encoding) – how information is lost (forgetting) The primacy and recency effe ct state that the words at the start and at the end of the list are recalled better. Asymptotes ( middle words ) are poorly recalled. Primacy effect: this is the tendency for the first items represented in a series to be remembered better or more easily. Recency effect: this is the principle that the most recently presented items or experiences will most likely be remembered the best. How to cite Psychology Memory Test Notes, Papers

Lukacs free essay sample

# 8217 ; Reification And Heller # 8217 ; s Theory Of Needs In Marx Essay, Research Paper 1. A small over a decennary after the # 8220 ; prostration of Communism # 8221 ; , it might look that Marxist theory has been relegated to little more than an historical or even archaeological artifact with small relevancy to or influence over an of all time encroaching and spread outing, globalizing capitalist economy. Socialism # 8220 ; proper # 8221 ; , as a province economic theoretical account and political orientation seems to hold been banished to the borders of the universe scene. The black consequences in footings of the absolutisms and dictatorship that have ensued wherever an effort has been made to implement a socialist theoretical account ; the Fukuyaman announcement of the # 8220 ; terminal of history # 8221 ; after communism collapsed, this terminal being equated with the eschatological victory of free-market capitalist economy ; and the insisting of transnational endeavors and capitalist authoritiess on the enlargement of planetary capital appear to some extent to hold marked the decease of socialism and Marxist review. 2. However, it can non be denied that cardinal contradictions remain and are increasing in strength. Recent events, such as frequently violent presentations whenever and wherever organic structures seen to be representative of planetary capitalist economy, such as the World Trade Organisation, meet, and the rush in anti-western sentiment, particularly in Islamic middle-eastern states, point to a tendency that now denies the exultant temper in the West during the early 1890ss. Magnus and Cullenberg referred to these already in 1994 in their Introductions to Derrida # 8217 ; s Ghosts of Marx: Given the troubles some democratic, free market economic systems are sing # 8211 ; including the predicament of the homeless, the deficiency of equal wellness attention, environmental debasement, and tremendous debt burdens # 8211 ; what kind of theoretical account for the hereafter do we hold? And what is one to do of the destructive, even violent # 8220 ; nationalisms # 8221 ; which have followed in the aftermath of the prostration of communism, non to advert deadly signifiers of ethnocentrism and xenophobia possibly non seen since Hitler # 8217 ; s Germany? What does this imply so for? the planetary economic system and life throughout our shared universe? ( eight ) Derrida besides takes note of the economic contradictions sabotaging the # 8220 ; stop # 8221 ; of history: And how can one overlook, furthermore, the economic war that is ramping today both between [ the United States and the European Community ] and within the European Community? How can one minimise the struggles of the GATT pact and all that it represents, which the composite schemes of protectionism recall every twenty-four hours, non to advert the economic war with Japan and all the contradictions at work within the trade between the affluent states and the remainder of the universe, the phenomena of indigence and the fierceness of the # 8220 ; foreign debt # 8221 ; , the effects of what [ Marx s ] Manifesto besides called # 8220 ; the epidemic of overrun # 8221 ; and the # 8220 ; province of fleeting brutality # 8221 ; ? it can bring on in alleged civilised societies, and so forth? ( 1994: 63 ) 3. We have seen the effects of the GATT struggles in metropoliss like Seattle and Melbourne, with large-scale presentations against the World Trade Organisation. Much more powerful, flooring and eventful a symbol of late capitalist contradictions, nevertheless, is the devastation of the towering World Trade Centre in New York by self-destruction bombers earlier this twelvemonth and the resulting # 8220 ; War on Terrorism # 8221 ; waged by the West upon Afghanistan. 4. It seems though, that with the # 8220 ; stop # 8221 ; of history, the West has besides experienced the loss of history. A genuinely critical ( self- ) analysis, necessitating at least a depth consistent with that of the Marxian tradition is obviously missing in visible radiation of the virtually automatic and instant response of what has been widely dubbed as the # 8220 ; War on Terrorism # 8221 ; ( as opposed to, state, # 8221 ; Yet another War in Afghanistan # 8221 ; ) . 5. What of the # 8216 ; world # 8217 ; of socialism though? Feher, Heller and Markus ( 1983 ) have argued that, whatever else they have been, those states which have defined themselves as socialist have been anything but. Socialism has non yet really existed: The new society, the # 8216 ; absolutism over demands # 8217 ; , is neither a novel, modified signifier of ( province ) capitalist economy, nor is it socialism # 8211 ; it is # 8217 ; something else # 8217 ; . It is a societal formation wholly different from any that has existed in European or universe history to day of the month and it is every bit different from any relevant construct in footings of which socialism, either # 8217 ; scientifically # 8217 ; or in a Utopian mode, has of all time been conceived ( 221 ) . As they go on to explicate, one of the grounds for this dramatic failure of socialism to go a existent societal formation is that, Marxism ( and socialist theories in general ) were much excessively self indulgently value-free, in the positive sense typical of nineteenth-century theories, to do unequivocally clear the conditions, the fulfillment of which would represent socialism ( and conversely, the conditions, the privation of which constitutes an anti-capitalist formation, which nevertheless can non and should non be identified with socialism ) ( Feher, Heller A ; Markus, 1983: 229 ) . 6. Both Lukacs # 8217 ; construct of hypostatization and Heller # 8217 ; s analysis of the Marxist theory of demands, which I attempt to clarify here, are themselves efforts to counter this positivism built-in in Marxism, which has tended to blight socialism to its utmost hurt wherever it attempts to breed itself as a societal world. This type of controling of positivism in Marxian review has appeared elsewhere besides, for illustration in Baudrillard # 8217 ; s [ Symbolic Exchange ] which tends to knock the valorisation and naturalization of the construct # 8220 ; work # 8221 ; over and against that of ( inordinate ) # 8220 ; play # 8221 ; , and in Derrida # 8217 ; s already cited Ghosts of Marx ( 1994 ) , which highlights peculiarly that historically sited Marxism and communisms are mediated by the societies, civilizations and traditions in which they appear and argues for a plurality of Marxism ( s ) and even of the proper name Marx. 7. Concepts such as Lukacs # 8217 ; # 8216 ; hypostatization # 8217 ; and Heller # 8217 ; s # 8216 ; dissatisfaction # 8217 ; are still valid, particularly in visible radiation of the triumphant # 8217 ; self-indulgence # 8217 ; and # 8216 ; positivism # 8217 ; of capitalist theories, such as globalization and economic rationalism, which are now trying in a similar mode that appears to many people as more dictatorial than democratic, at the least in a # 8217 ; sinister # 8217 ; mode, to go planetary societal worlds. For this ground I have digressed slightly: excessively frequently university essays can look abstract exercisings, with small relevancy to the # 8216 ; existent # 8217 ; universe, but in straying onto recent historical contradictions, I want to foreground that Marxist theory need non decease peacefully at all, or merely be an academic exercising in a theory which is merely of historical involvement. 8. Both Lukacs in his analysis of hypostatization and Heller in her analysis of demands in Marx postulate as cardinal effects of commodifaction the fact that the worker becomes dominated by and alienated from his ain activity and labor power # 8211 ; the consequence of commodification is basically one of alienation and disaffection. Heller ( 1974: 48 ) defines this as follows: In disaffection ( and peculiarly in capitalist economy ) the end/means relation inherent in labor is turned upside down and becomes its opposite. In trade good bring forthing society, usage value ( the merchandise of concrete labor ) does non function to fulfill demands. Its kernel consists, on the contrary, in fulfilling the demands of the individual to whom it does non belong. The nature of the usage value that the worker produces is all the same to him ; he bears no relation to it. Hence, the worker in modern capitalist economy is alienated from his labor as concrete because its merchandise serves to fulfill the demands of person else, non his ain. What the worker performs for himself is # 8216 ; abstract labour # 8217 ; ( 48 ) which he performs for another in exhange for money in order to fulfill his ain necessary demands, which labour appears so as an obectivated trade good when rendered as concrete. The consequence is that # 8220 ; capitalist industry and agribusiness do non bring forth for demands, nor for their satisfaction. The terminal of production is the valorisation of capital, and the satisfaction of demands ( on the market ) is merely a agency towards this terminal # 8221 ; ( 49 ) . 9. Lukacs renders this disaffection in footings of the hypostatization of the trade good: What is of cardinal importance here is that because of this state of affairs [ trade good hypostatization ] a adult male # 8217 ; s ain activity, his ain labor becomes something nonsubjective and independent of him, something that controls him by virtuousness of an liberty foreigner to adult male ( 1971: 86,87 ) . 10. Although Lukacs beginnings his analysis of hypostatization in the subdivision in Marx # 8217 ; s Capital entitled # 8216 ; The Fetishism of Commodities and the Secret thereof # 8217 ; ( Lukacs, 1971: 86 ) , we can see the kernel of both of the above commendations in Marx # 8217 ; s Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts. In these, in a much stronger tone than is used in, say, Capital, Marx already develops the subjects of disaffection, trade good hypostatization and the construct of the worker # 8217 ; s demands and their satisfaction, or the impossibleness of fulfilling these under capitalist economy. In footings of hypostatization and the disaffection of adult male # 8217 ; s labour, Marx writes: ? the worker sinks to the degree of a trade good and becomes so the most deplorable of trade goods? the misery of the worker is in reverse proportion to the power and magnitude of his production? The worker becomes all the poorer the more wealth he produces, the more his production additions in power and size. The worker becomes an of all time cheaper trade good the more trade goods he creates? Labour produces non lone trade goods: it produces itself and the worker as a trade good – and this at the same rate at which it produces trade goods in general ( Marx, 1997: 60-62 ) . This procedure has the direct consequence of estranging the laborer from the object in the capacity of the merchandise of his labor: The worker puts his life into the object ; but now his life no longer belongs to him but to the object. Whatever the merchandise of his labor, he is non. Therefore the greater this merchandise, the lupus erythematosus he is himself. The disaffection of the worker in his merchandise means non merely that his labor becomes an object, an external being, but that it exists outside him, independently, as something foreigner to him? ( 62 ) This is a procedure of instrumentalisation that is impacting the worker. It consequences in # 8220 ; alienation, the loss of the object, of his merchandise # 8221 ; ( 63 ) , which in bend straight affects the demands of adult male and how they are satisfied, which is the focal point of Heller # 8217 ; s analysis. As a consequence of disaffection, adult male # 8217 ; s need go of all time greater, but the lone manner he can react to his demand is in the selfish objectification of the other: Man becomes of all time poorer as adult male, his demand for money becomes of all time greater if he wants to get the hang the hostile power [ which is the demand as foreign power placed in him by the other, so that the other may try to fulfill his ain demand which turns worlds into mere means towards an foreign terminal: that of net income ] . The power of his money diminutions in reverse proportion to the addition in the volume of production: that is, his neediness grows as the power of money additions ( 82 ) . The apogee of the disaffection of labor and subservience of adult male to alien, # 8216 ; fanciful # 8217 ; ( 82 ) demands is the victory of money [ defined in The Fetishism of Commodities? as the ultimate signifier of the universe of trade goods that really conceals, alternatively of disclosing, the societal character of private labor, and the societal dealingss between the single manufacturers ( Marx, 1954: 76 ) ] , as virtually almighty, taking the natural topographic point of the human being, pass oning worlds to something like the # 8220 ; mist enveloped parts of the spiritual universe # 8221 ; ( 72 ) from wich, by analogy, the Fetishism itself was originally derived: The less you are, the less you show your ain life, the more you have, i.e. , the greater is your anomic life, the greater is the shop of your alienated being. Everything [ taken ] from you in life and in humanity, [ is replaced ] for you in money and in wealth ; and all the things you can non make, your money can make. It can eat and imbibe, travel to the dance hall and the theater ; it can go, it can allow art, acquisition, the hoarded wealths of the past, political power # 8211 ; all this it can allow for you # 8211 ; it can purchase all this: it is true gift ( 84 ) . However, the one thing it specifically can non make, is fulfil human demand, for money merely wants to make and multiply itself, whilst the worker, eventually, may merely have every bit much as will do him desire to travel on life, necessitating ever more, in a ageless rhythm of dissatisfaction. 11. Lukacs # 8217 ; construct of hypostatization is peculiarly elucidated in the essay # 8216 ; Reification and the Consciousness of the Proletariat # 8217 ; particularly in the subdivision # 8216 ; The Phenomenon of Reification # 8217 ; which appears in History and Class Consciousness ( 1971 ) . The term # 8216 ; hypostatization # 8217 ; , nevertheless, is a instead unmanageable one, and suffers from a symptom that foreign footings frequently tend to endure when translated into English: the inclination to utilize uncommon or vague footings in English. ( We note a similar destiny in the interlingual rendition of Freud # 8217 ; s # 8220 ; das Ich # 8221 ; , literally # 8220 ; the I # 8221 ; , rendered as # 8220 ; the Ego # 8221 ; ; and # 8220 ; das Es # 8221 ; , literally # 8220 ; the it # 8221 ; , rendered as # 8220 ; the Id # 8221 ; . ) The term # 8220 ; hypostatization # 8221 ; is barely an mundane word, and its verb signifier # 8220 ; to reify # 8221 ; is d efined by the Encarta World English Dictionary as, # 8220 ; to believe of or handle something asbtract as if it existed as a existent or touchable object # 8221 ; . The original German term is # 8220 ; Verdinglichung # 8221 ; ( Lukacs, 1923 ) , which conveys the sense of the procedure of being changed into a thing. That which is changed is the # 8220 ; relation between people # 8221 ; ( Lukacs, 1971: 83 ) which # 8220 ; takes on the character of a thing # 8221 ; ( 83 ) . The cardinal impact of Lukacs # 8217 ; analysis lies in his supplication of the word consciousness. As Johnson ( 1984: 10-11 ) draws out, Lukacs locates the radical moral force in the societal being of the worker, as opposed to mechanical economic Torahs which are supposed to necessarily and automatically transform capitalist economy into socialism. Lukacs accordingly relates consciousness to the whole of society ( 1971: 51 ) in order to deduce or ascribe consciousness to the labor # 8220 ; as if they were able to measure # 8221 ; ( 51 ) their nonsubjective state of affairs. This is may be identified as the anti-positivist strain in Lukacs # 8217 ; thought, which is subsequently specified in his unfavorable judgment of # 8220 ; vulgar Marxism # 8221 ; , which # 8220 ; bases itself on the # 8216 ; natural Torahs # 8217 ; of economic development which are to convey about these passages by their ain drift and without holding resort to a beastly force lying # 8216 ; beyond econ omic sciences # 8217 ; # 8221 ; ( 239 ) . However, because # 8211 ; as argued above # 8211 ; worlds are, in capitalist economy, go wholly subservient to and in bondage to perpetually generated fanciful demands ( which might be defined as # 8216 ; luxuries # 8217 ; ) which they are all excessively busy trying to fulfill, the worker is continually persuaded of his subjective value in footings of his consumptive power mediated by money # 8211 ; even if this subjectiveness is merely in the terminal a # 8216 ; false consciousness # 8217 ; . Therefore the labor can non go cognizant in order to analyze its state of affairs with a position to accomplishing true consciousness and revolution. In the terminal, Lukacs is forced to trust on the Communist Party as a interceding power for the imputation of a radical category consciousness. 12. Heller # 8217 ; s analysis of demands in Marx on the other manus, specifically the analysis of extremist demands, proposes that # 8220 ; the worker becomes witting of the contradiction between the demand to develop his personality and the # 8220 ; inadvertent # 8221 ; character of his subordination to the division of labor # 8221 ; ( Heller, 1974: 90 ) . This consciousness is precipitated by the outgrowth of extremist demands, which are demands which capitalist economy is structurally incapable of fulfilling. However these demands # 8220 ; can non be # 8216 ; eliminated # 8217 ; from capitalist economy because they are necessary to its operation? it is non the Being of extremist demands that transcends capitalist economy but their satisfaction # 8221 ; ( 76 ) . Where dissatisfaction of extremist demands so becomes a historical world, the possibility of exceeding capitalist economy besides becomes existent. Take for illustration the impression of # 8216 ; free clip # 82 17 ; : [ The worker ] is convinced that from a certain point onwards capitalist economy is incapable of shortening labour clip any farther: the demand for free clip so becomes in rule a extremist demand, which can merely be satisfied with the transcendency of capitalist economy. When related to the demand for free clip, the character of # 8220 ; extremist demands # 8221 ; is brought out in a peculiarly dramatic mode: it is produced by capitalist economy itself, by its contradictory character, and therefore belongs to the really operation of capitalist economy? At the same clip, necessitate itself mobilises the working category into exceeding capitalist economy ( 91 ) . Heller # 8217 ; s analysis of demands in Marx therefore offers the possibility of the working category going witting of its ain state of affairs and revolting against it in a mode which Lukacs # 8217 ; theory of hypostatization can non. Lukacs in History and Class Consciousness is forced to randomly and unconvincingly rely on the party as go-between of the revolution # 8211 ; nevertheless the inquiry remains, If the labor is incapable of coming to consciousness, what will vouch that the Party is any more unfalsely witting than the labor it is supposed to stand for? It would look that the history of the Communist Party has shown that there is no warrant of this whatsoever. As Heller reminds us: As yet, history has non answered the inquiry as to whether capitalist society in fact produces this # 8220 ; consciousness transcending its bounds # 8221 ; , which in Marx # 8217 ; s twenty-four hours did non be, and whose being Marx hence had to project ( 1974: 95 ) . List OF REFERENCESDerrida, J ( 1994 ) Specters of Marx: The State of the Debt, the Work of Mourning, A ; the New International New York: Routledge. Feher, F ; Heller, A and Markus, G ( 1983 ) Dictatorship over Needs Oxford: Basil Blackwell. Heller, A ( 1974 ) The Theory of Need in Marx London: Allison A ; Busby. Johnson, P ( 1984 ) Marxist Aestheticss: The foundations within an mundane life for an liberated consciousness London: Routledge A ; Kegan Paul. Lukacs, G ( 1923 ) Geschichte und Klassenbewusstsein: Studien? ber marxistische Dialektik Berlin: Malin Verlag. __________ ( 1971 ) History and Class Consciousness: Surveies in Marxist Dialectics London: Merlin Press. Marx, K ( 1954 ) Capital Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing. _______ ( 1997 ) The Marx Reader ( ed. C. Pierson ) Cambridge: Polity Press. BIBLIOGRAPHYEagleton, T ( 1976 ) Marxism and Literary Criticism London: Methuen A ; Co. Kearny, R ( 1986 ) Modern Movements in European Philosophy Manchester: Manchester University Press. Heller A and Ferenc F ( explosive detection systems. ) ( 1986 ) Reconstructing Aestheticss: Hagiographas of the Budapest School Oxford: Basil Blackwell. Lukacs, G ( 1962 ) The Historical Novel London: Merlin Press

Two Lives Of Charlemagne ( Einhard and Notker The Stammerer ) and The Prince ( Machiavelli ) free essay sample

Compares these works on political and military leadership and power. This study will compare two books on the nature of political and military leadership and power, Two Lives of Charlemagne, by Einhard and Notker the Stammerer, and The Prince, by Niccolo Machiavelli. The authors of the two biographies of Charlemagne focus on an historical personage and explore leadership and power as expressions of his specific life. Machiavelli focuses on the theory of leadership and power as he urges it to be practiced by the ideal prince, but he uses historical examples of past effective and ineffective exercises of power to bolster his arguments. Despite this difference in the two books focus, the study will argue that the authors take the same essential position with respect to the subject: political and military power can be maintained only by a leader who is willing and able to use whatever means are necessary to bring obedience from ones

Free sample - Caucasian Reaction To Latinohispanic. translation missing

Caucasian Reaction To Latinohispanic. Caucasian Reaction To LatinohispanicCaucasian Reaction To Latinohispanic Being A Major Ethnic Group In USA By 2050 Introduction If the current population trends in the US continue, the total population will rise to 438 million in 2050.   82% of the population will be due to immigrants (67 million) and their descendants (50 million). The Latino population size will triple and will account for the region’s population while that of white population will increase slowly and will become a minority by 2050 (Maffitt P.). In this essay we will analyze the status quo of this Hispanic growth and that of the Caucasian who are currently the majority.  Ã‚   Effects of US population structure by 2050 Data from America in 2000 show a steadily growing Hispanic population owing to a large number of immigrants, a high birth rate among the Hispanic who are younger immigrants contrasted to an aging white baby boom population (Maffitt P.). The news has been received with mixed reactions as more Hispanics are achieving upward socio-economic gains. The non-Hispanic whites have barred an all-out immigration ban. But on the positive side, immigration will keep the US population growing and provide taxes for Medicare and social security especially for the majority elderly white. The relationships between the native-born Americans and the immigrants will be strained and problems will emerge from the minority and majority view points of view (Minckler D.). Another important aspect is the American definition which will be defined from the taken-for-granted as being ‘white’. Thus this kind of diversity will safeguard against taking one group as the norm for all others and pluralism is now the current multiculturalism. Linguistic diversity in America has existed as a bane of native’s existence to present but with the Hispanic majority, then the Hispanic language will be a norm although English usage by in America will be promoted to all. The natives in America by 2050 will most likely not hold power especially in the middle and southern colonies because of a huge number of Hispanic populations in the regions. The metamorphosis of who an American is may also be a source of contention as whites will be outnumbered. (Parrillo V. Pg. 8-17). Hence the American identification and ethnic identification for American will no doubt be an interesting phenomenon to watch.  Ã‚   Conclusion In an ever changing culture of pluralism and diversity, a corrective reality of an American heritage and the future changes are needed. This is because if today’s trends continue, the minority Hispanics will be a majority by the year 2050and we will experience a lot of changes in the identity, racism, immigration languages and shifts in power.

Term assigement Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Term assigement - Case Study Example 2. Assume the Qatari government is pursuing an expansionary fiscal policy by increasing government purchases. Show the short run and long run impact of this policy on the macroeconomic equilibrium point using AD and AS model (assume that Qatar’s economy initially operates at the potential level of GDP). You need to draw a graph and briefly explain the short run and long run impact of this expansionary fiscal policy. Pursuing an expansionary fiscal policy through the increase of government purchases will increase budget deficit or smaller budget surplus. The Qatari fiscal budget will be affected by the policy through its spending and taxes. It will also address the business cycle instability that gives rise to unemployment. This is called closing the recessionary gap. The aggregate market illustrates the recessionary gap as well as the short run and the long run effects of this policy. SRAS is the short run aggregate supply curve. Equilibrium in the short run occurs when price level and real production corresponds to the intersection of the SRAS and the aggregate demand curve. Short run real production is therefore less than full employment production and their difference is the recessionary gap. The recessionary gap is what the increase in purchases or expansionary fiscal policy is designed to close. This happens when there is a rightward shift of the demand curve. It will therefore increase demand and employment in the short run but not necessary in the long run. This is shown below. 3.In December 2014, the international price of oil has dropped to almost half of its level in June 2014. What do you think the expected impact of this drop on the US economy using the AD and AS model? Hint: Think of the impact on aggregate supply in the US and assume that the US economy initially operates at the potential GDP level. If the prices of oil drop by half, oil producers will decrease production in

Data Collection in the Literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Data Collection in the Literature - Essay Example In this paper, I explore qualitative two research articles and discuss their data collection approaches relative to quantitative research approaches, and the articles’ possible contribution to my proposed research. I also report on an observation exercise and my experience choosing qualitative research methodologies. One of the considered research articles in unit 2 is the article on research to investigate domestic violence and substance abuse as overlapping issues from different scopes by Humphreys, Thiara and Regan. The researchers applied a mixed methodological approach that analyzed qualitative and quantitative data. Data collection was further undertaken in different phases. The first stage in data collection applied semi structured interviews to retrieve data from participants. Data was collected from a diversified sample that included former victims of domestic violence, individuals from a group of perpetrators of the violence who were then under rehabilitation programs, and people from groups that offered substance abuse services. Other participants included a commercial sex worker, policy makers, and researchers. The participants were then asked of their â€Å"knowledge of substance use and domestic violence† (Humphreys, Thiara and Regan, 2005, p. 14). Participants were further asked to identify possible association between the two issues, and relevant measures and demographic factors to the issues. The research’s subsequent phases also used questionnaires that were administered through different approaches. Some participants were directly approached, informed of the data capture method and allowed to fill questionnaires while other questionnaires were just left at strategic places with notices about the research, and willing individuals participated (Humphreys, Thiara and Regan, 2005). Another considered article in unit 2 was Collins and Spencer’s report on

History of Cocaine Use Medical and Recreational Uses

History of Cocaine Use Medical and Recreational Uses Cocaine through the ages: from elixir to poison. Abstract: Cocaine, a plant alkaloid derived from coca leaves is a potent stimulant of CNS and has local anesthetic action as well. Historically, it was ingested in the form of chewing coca leaves, to suppress hunger and fatigue. With discovery of its local anesthetic properties, cocaine was introduced into world of medicine and a local anesthetic, but over last few decades, gained popularity as drug of abuse. Cocaine carries with it great potential for addiction and abuse. It is administered through various routes, smoking free-base crack and intranasal inhalation being most popular. Its primarily metabolized in liver and distributed to all body tissues. Due to lipid nature it tends to concentrate in brain and adipose tissues with chronic administration. Its mainly eliminated through kidneys, but saliva and stools are also routes of excretion. A number of health hazards have been shown to be associated with cocaine use including, cardiac abnormalities, psychological disturbances, addiction pot ential and renal failure with or without rhabdomyolysis. Acute and chronic cocaine toxicities with sufficient collected data are included. Techniques for detecting cocaine in blood including enzyme linked immunoassay and POCT (Point of care screening tests) have also been discussed. An analysis of recent trends in cocaine uses have been studied and presented along with graphical illustrations of epidemiological evidence to support the data. Introduction and objective: Objective: to display how cocaine has evolved through time in its uses and available forms, from simple coca leaf chewing custom of South Americans in 2500 BC to modern forms of freebase-coke among others as one of the most commonly abused toxic drug. Methodology: Data was mainly collected from electronic resources, but text on immunology and pharmacology was also consulted. From electronic sources, I mainly used search engines using a number of keywords including ; history of cocaine, crack, pharmacokinetics of cocaine, mode of action , coca leaf, acute cocaine poisoning, chronic cocaine toxicity, Karl Koller, Sigmund Freud, Immunoassay, etc. I also went through a number of journals available online, and a number of researches conducted which related to cocaine. My aim was to find changes in cocaine use from its discovery to date, and show, with help of collected data, that it has moved in a negative direction. Brief history: Cocaine, use of which, according to some sources, date back to at least 1200 years, has now, rightfully, earned itself a place in drugs of abuse list among others like Caffeine, Nicotine, Amphetamine, etc. To date, cocaines uses have evolved from gaining popularity as topical anesthetic agent, and as component of energizing drinks to becoming one of the most abused drugs in the world. It is a powerfully addictive stimulant drug, which acts by interfering with cerebral and peripheral synaptic transmission among neurons. Mode of action has been described in greater detail later in pharmacodynamics section, but for brief introduction, it interferes with reuptake of, and thereby enhance duration of action of, monoamines, dopamine, serotonin and nor epinephrine Brain PF et.al (1989). It also produces membrane stabilizing effect, more commonly referred to as local anesthetic effect. Latter is achieved through modulation of voltage gated sodium channels and consequent blockade of sensory im pulses conduction from that part of the neuron to central nervous system. Brain PF et.al (1989) Earliest records of cocaine use reveal it to be a part of South American custom of chewing coca leaves. This use is believed to date back to 2500BC. Steven Cohen (1981) Practice of chewing mixture of tobacco and coca leaves was defined by Nicolà ¡s Monardes, in 1569, to induce â€Å"great contentment†. Cocaine is the active component of coca leaves, which also contains nicotine. Karch SB (1998). In 1859, Italian doctor, Paulo Montegazza, after witnessing coca use by natives of Peru, and getting mesmerized by it, decided to study the effects of cocaine on himself. After his studies he concluded his findings into a paper in which he declared cocaine to be medically useful in treating furred tongue in the morning, flatulence and whitening the teeth. Steven R. King (1992). In 1863, French chemist, Angelo Mariani, introduced popular cocavine, Vin Mariani. Vin Mariani wasproduced from mixture of 6 mg coca leaves per fluid ounce of Bordeaux wine. Courtwright DT (2001) Angelo Mariani, creator of Vin Mariani, which later became the hallmark of cocavines was honored with Vatican gold medal by Pope Leo XIII for this achievement. Ethanol, a component of vin mariani, is believed to extract cocaine from coca leaves. In 1884, the concept of cocavine was adopted by John S. Pemberton, with introduction of Pembertons French Wine Coca. After prohibitions imposed on cocaine use and manufacture of cocaine-containing products including cocavine in 1885, Pemberton introduced carbonated, non-alcoholic form of Vin Mariani and called it Coca-cola. Richard Ashley (1975). From 1906 onwards, however, after Pure Food and Drug act was passed, decocainised forms of coca were used for manufacture of coca-cola. In 1884, Austrian physician Sigmund Freud, recommended cocaine for treatment of morphine and alcohol addiction. A strategy that was later employed in 1879 when cocaine was used to treat morphine addiction. Steven Cohen (1981). In his published word, ÃÅ"ber Coca, Sigmund defined effects of cocaine in following words: â€Å"exhilaration and lasting euphoria, which in no way differs from the normal euphoria of the healthy personYou perceive an increase of self-control and possess more vitality and capacity for work.In other words, you are simply normal, and it is soon hard to believe you are under the influence of any drug.Long intensive physical work is performed without any fatigueThis result is enjoyed without any of the unpleasant after-effects that follow exhilaration brought about by alcohol.Absolutely no craving for the further use of cocaine appears after the first, or even after repeated taking of the drug† In 1985, use of cocaine for induction of spinal anesthesia was accidentally discovered by American neurologist Leonard Corning while he studying the effects of cocaine on spinal nerves in a dog and accidentally pierced the dura matter. Corning JL (1885) Cocaine was, however, not used as anesthetic in spinal surgery until 1989 when first planned cocaine induced spinal anesthesia was administered in a surgery, by August Bier. A. Bier, (1899) Coca leaves have traditionally been used as suppressants for fatigue, thirst, and hunger. Its use has now been limited to Andean countries, where coca leaf chewing and coca tea consumption are still practiced. Industrially, coca leaves serve as source of drug cocaine, and in some cosmetic and food industries, including coca cola. Richard Ashley (1975) From 1980s to date, cocaine has gained popularity as drug of abuse, and has widely replaced heroin and other narcotics as drug of abuse, being used in different forms and administered via various routes. Richard Ashley (1975) Discovery: Discovery of cocaine, as local anesthetic, is claim to fame for Austrian ophthalmologist, Karl Koller. Kollers name is credited with demonstration of anesthetic effect of cocaine, in 1884. Karl Koller was a close associate of Sigmund Freud who in same year recommended cocaine to be employed in treatment for morphine and alcohol addiction. Hruby K (1986). Koller studied effects of cocaine on eye by applying the drug to his own eye and later pricking it with pins. He presented his findings to the Heidelberg Ophthalmological Society in same year. Hruby K (1986) After successfully experimenting on himself, Koller used cocaine as local anesthetic in eye surgeries, a use that continues to this day. Cocaine was later employed in other fields including dentistry for induction of local anesthesia, Today, however, cocaine has largely been replaced by other local anesthetic agents like lidocaine, xylocaine, bupivacaine, etc, which produce local anesthetic effect as efficiently and do not carry potential for abuse.Hruby K (1986) Isolation: Friedrich Gaedcke, aGerman chemist, was first person to successfully isolate cocaine from coca leaves, in 1855. An improved isolation process was, however, developed by Albert Niemann, who was enrolled as a Ph.D. student at a German university, University of Gottingen , in 1859. Niemann wrote a dissertation describing steps of isolation which was published in 1860 and was entitled, â€Å" ÃÅ"ber eine neue organische Base in den Cocablà ¤ttern† (On a New Organic Base in the Coca Leaves). F. Gaedcke (1855) Formal Chemical Name (IUPAC) for cocaine: (1R,5S)-methyl 8-methyl-3-(phenylcarbonyloxy)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxylate. Chemical structure of cocaine: Structure of cocaine molecule was first defined by Richard Willstà ¤tter in 1898. Medicalisation and popularization: Ever since its discovery, cocaines medical uses were quickly exploited through research and experimentation. Spanish physicians described first medical uses of cocaine as early as 1596, but the use of cocaine did not become more widespread until 1859, when Albert Niemann isolated the drug from coca leaves. Soon after it was isolated, cocaine was used to try to cure almost all the illnesses and maladies that were known to man. (Albert Niemann 1860) 1859s Montagezzis discovery about cocaine being useful in treating furred tongue in the morning, flatulence and whitening the teeth, was one of the earliest recorded studies that signified possible medical importance of cocaine. In 1879, Vassili von Anrep, of the University of Wà ¼rzburg, demonstrated analgesic properties of cocaine in an experiment that he conducted on a frog. He prepared two separate jars, one containing cocaine-salt solution, other containing salt water serving as control. One of frogs legs was submerged in cocaine solution and other in control followed by stimulation of leg in different ways. Reactions in two legs varied considerably. In the same year, cocaine began to be used in treatment of morphine addiction. The commercial production of purified cocaine gained momentum only in the mid-1880s. Its greatest medical value was in ophthalmology. Eye-surgery stood in desperate need of a good local anesthetic. This was because in eye operations it is often essential for a conscious patient to move his eye as directed by the surgeon without flinching. Karl Kollers demonstration of anesthetic properties of cocaine in 1884 was an important breakthrough establishing cocaines importance, medically when it was introduced in Germany as local anesthetic for eye surgery. (Altman Aj et.al 1985) Kollers discovery was later followed in 1985 by Leonard Cornings accidental demonstration of cocaines use in induction of spinal anesthesia, which became formally employed in spinal surgery in 1989 when first planned cocaine induced spinal anesthesia was administered by August Bier. Medical use of cocaine has largely been restricted to induction of local anesthesia. Even as local anesthetic agent, discovery of hazardous effects of cocaine use led to early development of safer alternative drugs like lidocaine, etc. One of its first non medical uses of cocaine was in military. In 1883 Theodor Aschenbrandt administered cocaine to members of the Bavarian army. It was found that the drug enhanced their endurance on maneuver. His positive findings were published in a German medical journal, which brought the effects of this wonder drug to a wider medical audience, including Sigmund Freud. Following is taken from â€Å"On cocaine† by Sigmund Freud. â€Å"A few minutes after taking cocaine, one experiences a certain exhilaration and feeling of lightness. One feels a certain furriness on the lips and palate, followed by a feeling of warmth in the same areas; if one now drinks cold water, it feels warm on the lips and cold in the throat. One other occasions the predominant feeling is a rather pleasant coolness in the mouth and throat. During this first trial I experienced a short period of toxic effects, which did not recur in subsequent experiments. Breathing became slower and deeper and I felt tired and sleepy; I yawned frequently and felt somewhat dull. After a few minutes the actual cocaine euphoria began, introduced by repeated cooling eructation. Immediately after taking the cocaine I noticed a slight slackening of the pulse and later a moderate increase. I have observed the same physical signs of the effect of cocaine in others, mostly people my own age. The most constant symptom proved to be the repeated cooling eructation. This is often accompanied by a rumbling which must originate from high up in the intestine; two of the people I observed, who said they were able to recognize movements in their stomachs, declared emphatically that they had repeatedly detected such movements. Often, at the outset of the cocaine effect, the subjects alleged that they experienced an intense feeling of heat in the head. I noticed this in myself as well in the course of some later experiments, but on other occasions it was absent. In only two cases did coca give rise to dizziness. On the whole the toxic effects of coca are of short duration, and much less intense than those produced by effective doses of quinine or salicylate of soda; they seem to become even weaker after repeated use of cocaine.† Cocaine was sold as over the counter drug until 1916. It was widely used in tonics, toothache cures, patent medicines, and chocolate cocaine tablets. Prospective buyers were advised (in the words of pharmaceutical firm Parke-Davis) that cocaine could make the coward brave, the silent eloquent, and render the sufferer insensitive to pain. Cocaine was a popular ingredient in wines, notably Vin Mariani. Coca wine received endorsement from prime-ministers, royalty and even the Pope. The Vatican gold medal that Angelo Mariani received for it will forever signify the popularity of cocaine through that period of time. By the late Victorian, era use of cocaine had appeared as a vice in literature, for instance, Arthur Conan Doyles fictional Sherlock Holmes. Number of admissions to drug treated programme in each year is plotted against time for both cocaine and heroin. Graph clearly displays the shift in trend from use of heroin towards cocaine. A combination gaining popularity is speedball, which is formulated by mixing heroin with cocaine. From 1980s to date, cocaine has gained popularity as drug of abuse, being used in different forms and administered via various routes, as evident by figure above which displays the escalation in crack / cocaine usage with concomitant reduction in heroin use. Prohibition: In first part of the twentieth century, with addictive properties of cocaine becoming more apparent with studies, cocaine found itself legally prohibited. Harrison Narcotics Tax Act (1914) outlawed unauthorized sales and distribution of cocaine incorrectly classifying it as a narcotic. In United Nations 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, cocaine was listed as Schedule I drug, thereby making its manufacture, distribution, import, export, trade, use and possession illegal unless sanctioned by the state. In 1970s controlled substances act, cocaine was listed as a Schedule II drug in United States. It carries high abuse potential but also serves medicinal purpose. It is a class A drug in the United Kingdom, and a List 1 drug of Opium law in the Netherlands. Modern Usage: In late 90s and early 2000s, crack became very popular among Americans and in past few years has also taken its toll on UK. According to an estimate, U.S cocaine market exceeded $ 70 billion in year 2005, demonstrating the popularity of this menace. News reports are flooded with celebrity arrests on charge of cocaine posession or use. A section on recent facts and figures related to cocaine discusses the modern trends in greater detail later. Addiction potential: Along with amphetamine, cocaine is one of the most widely abused drugs in the world. Powerful stimulant properties of cocaine are beyond doubt. By inhibiting neuronal reuptake of excitatory neurotransmitters, dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine, cocaine enhances synaptic concentrations of these neurotransmitters in specific brain areas; nucleus accumbens and amygdala which are referred to as the reward center of brain. During 1980s, cocaine widely replaced heroin as drug of abuse, due to its euphoric properties, wide availability and low cost. Different forms and Routes of administration of cocaine: Smoking: Crack, freebase or smokable form of cocaine, was produced and became popular drug of abuse in 1980s. Earliest reports of crack use indicate an epidemic in Bahamas from 1980. By 1985, crack gained popular ranking among drug users across America.Crack is produced by mixing 2 parts cocaine hydrochloride with one part baking soda (sodium bicarbonate). It differs from cocaine hydrochloride in being more volatile, a property that makes it better suited for inhalation administration (smoking) than cocaine hydrochloride. Smoking freebase cocaine releases methylecgonidine, an effect not achieved with insufflation or injection (described later), thereby making it a specific test marker for freebase cocaine smokers. Studies suggest that methylecgonidine is more harmful to heart, liver and lungs than other byproducts of cocaine. Inhalation leads to rapid absorption of cocaine into bloodstream via lungs, reaching brain within five seconds of ingestion. Following rush exceeds snorting in intensity but does not last long. Oral: Ancient tradition of South Americans to chew coca leaves in same manner is tobacco, is another method of cocaine consumption. Alternatively, coca leaves may be consumed like tea by mixing with liquid. Coca leaf consumers have raised a controversy over whether it should be abandoned or not. Rationale behind this controversy is that strong acid in our stomach hydrolyzes cocaine, attenuating its effects on brain; therefore, unless it is taken with an alkaline substance, such as lime, which neutralizes stomachs acid, cocaine intake should not be criminalized. Cocaine is also used as oral anesthetic, both medically and unofficially. Cocaine powder is applied to gums to numb the gingiva and teeth. Colloquial terms for this route of administration are; numbies, gummies and cocoa puffs. Another method for oral administration, commonly known as snow bomb, is to pack cocaine in rolled up paper and swallowing it. Insufflation: Colloquial terms for which are; snorting, sniffing, or blowing is believed to be most commonly employed method of cocaine ingestion in west. Cocaine is poured on a flat, hard surface and divided into fine powder before being insufflated in â€Å"bumps†, â€Å"lines†, or â€Å"rails†. Devices used as aid in insufflation are known as â€Å"tooters†. Anything small and hollow, such as straws cut short, can serve as a tooter. Injection: This achieves the greatest bioavailability, 100%, in shortest span of time, since drug is directly administered into bloodstream saving time and reduced bioavailability that occurs with drug absorption from site of drug administration into bloodstream. Resultant rush is intense and rapid. Risk of contracting blood-borne infections is greatest. â€Å"Speedball†, a mixture of cocaine with heroin used intravenously is a popular and dangerous method of cocaine ingestion. It claims credit for many deaths, including celebrities like John Belushi, Chris Farley ,Mitch Hedberg, River Phoenix and Layne Staley. ADME Pharmacokinetics: Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion of Cocaine. Before beginning discussion about pharmacokinetics or ADME of cocaine, table below summarizes the relationship of route of administration with onset of action, time taken to achieve peak effect, duration of action and half life. (Clarke, 1986) Route of administration Onset Peak effect (min.) Duration (min.) Half-life (min.) Inhalation 7s 1-5 20 40-60 Injection 15s 3-5 20-30 40-60 Nasal 3min 15 45-90 60-90 Oral 10min 60 60 60-90 Absorption: Absorption refers to movement of drug from site of administration into bloodstream.As with any drug, absorption of cocaine depends on various factors and varies considerably with them. Factors which influence drug absorption include; drug formulation, route of administration, lipid solubility, pH of the medium, blood supply and surface area available for absorption. As evident from tabulated figures above, cocaine differs greatly in onset of action varying between 7 seconds up to 10 minutes from one route of administration to another. This is a factor of absorption of drug which depends on route of administration. Each route is separately discussed below in greater details. (Clarke, 1986). Orally administered cocaine: Cocaine induces vasoconstriction in vessels supplying oral mucosa and resultant reduction in blood supply slows down its absorption by decreasing surface area from which drug is absorbed. Therefore when orally administered, drug is slowly absorbed into bloodstream, taking roughly 30 minutes. Absorption is also incomplete; roughly one third of administered dose is absorbed. Due to slow absorption, onset of action is also delayed and peak effect is, however, not achieved until about 50-90 minutes after administration. Effect is, however, longer lasting, roughly 60 minutes after attainment of peak effect. Another factor affecting absorption of orally administered cocaine is pH of the stomach. As previously mentioned, stomach acid hydrolyzes cocaine, resulting in inadequate and incomplete absorption. To improve absorption it is common practice to take cocaine along with an alkaline liquid to neutralize acidic pH. Insufflations: Insufflations results in coating of the mucosa covering sinuses with cocaine, from where it is absorbed. Absorption is similar to that from oral cavity, cocaine induced vasoconstriction beneath mucosa results in slow and incomplete absorption (30-60%). Efficiency of absorption increases with concentration of drug. According to a study, time taken to reach peak effect via this route of administration averages 14.6 minutes. Injection: Injected cocaine is directly administered into bloodstream eliminating need for absorption. According same study, as mentioned for insufflation, time taken to reach peak effect of cocaine through injection averaged 3.1 minutes, roughly five times less than time for insufflation. Smoking: Smoking crack delivers large quantities of the drug to the lungs, resultant absorption is rapid and effects created are comparable to intravenous administration. These effects, which are felt almost immediately after smoking, are intense and last for 5-10 minutes. According to Perez-Reyes et al, 1982, volunteers who smoked 50 mg of cocaine base in a controlled study experiment achieved rapidly elevated plasma cocaine level compared to intravenous cocaine administration. Distribution: Following absorption into bloodstream, cocaine is distributed, via blood, to all body tissues including vital organs like brain, lungs, liver, heart, kidneys and adrenals. It crosses both blood-brain and placental barrier. Being lipid soluble, it easily traverses biological membranes via simple diffusion. It is believed to accumulate in brain and adipose tissue with repeated administration, owing to its lipid nature. In an experiment, distribution and kinetics of cocaine in human body were studied using Positron Emission Topography (PET) technique with radioactively labeled (carbon-11) cocaine on 14 healthy male subjects. Rate of uptake and clearance were found to vary among organs. Following results were obtained for time, in minutes, taken by radioactively labeled cocaine to reach peak value in following organs: Lungs: 45 seconds. Heart and Kidneys: 2-3 minutes. Adrenals: 7-9 minutes. Liver: 10 minutes. Liver, which is the key site for metabolism of cocaine is where distribution is most sluggish, increasing the half-life of cocaine. The Journal of Nuclear Medicine ( 1992 ) Metabolism: As already mentioned, cocaine is primarily metabolised in liver. It is estimated to get metabolized within two hours of administration. Half-life varies between 0.7 1.5 hours (Clarke, 1986), depending on route of administration among various other factors. There are three possible routes for bio-transformation of cocaine. Ester linkages in cocaine are hydrolyzed by plasma pseudocholinesterases and hepatic enzymes, human liver carboxylesterase form 1 (hCE-1)and human liver carboxylesterase form 2 (hCE-2). Benzoyl group is eliminated to produce ecgonine methyl ester. This is the major route for metabolism of cocaine. A secondary route, suggested by Fleming et al. 1990, proposes spontaneous hydrolysis, possibly non-enzymatic, followed by demethylation to produce benzoylecgonine. N-demethylation of cocaine is a minor route which leads to formation of norcocaine. Final degradation of metabolites yields ecgonine. Principal inactive metabolites are; benzoylecgonine, ecgonine methyl ester, and ecgonine itself. Norcocaine is an active metabolite and may reveal itself in acute intoxication. Metabolism of cocaine may be influenced by a number of factors: Alcohol:When cocaine is co-administered with alcohol a compound called Cocaethylene is formed. Cocaethylene is associated with an increased risk of liver damage and premature death. Pregnancy. Liver disease. Aged men. Congenital cholinesterase deficiency. In all the aforementioned conditions, except alcohol, rate of cocaine metabolism is reduced, leading to elevated levels and duration of action of cocaine, enhancing its harmful effects of on the body. Following is a schematic representation of metabolic pathways of cocaine. According to Andrew (1997) have found that the continuous use of alcohol with cocaine produce cocaethylene which is similar in the action of cocaine but it has more blood stream concentration by three to five times than cocaine as a result of its high half life. Its much attractive to be used for abuse as a result of slower removal from the body. Different types of side effects are associated with cocaethylene like liver damage, seizure and immuno compromised functioning . Cocaethylene has more possibility for sudden death by 18 25 times than using cocaine alone . Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) has been implicated as being important in metabolism of cocaine, even though it has limited capacity to fully hydrolyze cocaine. BChE is specially essential for cocaine detoxification. A lot of research has been done to study the effect of employing this enzyme in cocaine detoxification and in anti-cocaine medications. The rate at which human BChE hydrolyzes cocaine is slow; however, scientists at Eppley Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, have developed a mutant (A328Y) of human butyrylcholinesterase, which promises four fold greater efficiency in accelerating cocaine metabolism. Elimination or excretion: 1-9% of cocaine is excreted unaltered in urine along with metabolites, ecgonine methyl ester, benzoylecgonine, and ecgonine. Unchanged cocaine may also be eliminated through GI tract and/or be excreted in saliva. Most of the parent drug is eliminated from plasma within 4 hours after administration but metabolites may remain detectable for up to 144 hours after administration. Elimination of cocaine via kidneys is enhanced by acidification of urine. As already mentioned, cocaine easily traverses placental barrier, and the active metabolite, norcocaine is believed to persist in amniotic fluid for up to 5 days. In lactating mothers, cocaine and benzoylecgonine are excreted into maternal milk and can be detected up to 36 hours after administration. In smokers, cocaine is rapidly eliminated through exhalation of vapor. Ambre J et.al (1988) In an experiment, the effects of chronic oral cocaine administration in healthy volunteer subjects with a history of cocaine abuse were investigated. There were sixteen daily sessions of oral cocaine administration while subjects were kept in a controlled clinical ward. In every session subjects received five equal doses of oral cocaine at one hour interval. Throughout sessions, cocain

Pakistan China Relation Development

MARIAM ABBAS 15-10079 The Major Developments in Pakistan’s Relations with China Almost sixty years have lapsed since Pakistan and China established diplomatic relationship. The relationship between the two countries are time tested, an unbridled relationship which continues to grow and strengthen with passage of time. The area in which the two nations reside has undergone numerous Geo-strategic changes namely Sino-Indo relations, the collapse of Soviet Union, 9/11 with Pakistan becoming front line state in the war against terror and so on.In context to all these developments, China and Pakistan find themselves on the same page , each strongly supporting each other at every forum thus exhibiting exemplary and unique brotherly relationship. The intensity of the relationship can be gauged by the frequency of the visits by the two heads of the state which continue unabated. President Zardari stated on his second visit to China in February 2009, within a year of taking over the pre sidency, â€Å"Perhaps no relationship between two sovereign states is as unique and durable as that between Pakistan and China.On the Pakistan side of the Himalayas, the mighty range that separates the two countries, China is seen as a true, time tested and reliable friend that has always come through for Pakistan. That the Pakistan-China friendship is higher than the peaks of Himalayas is now a truism without exaggeration. I am certain that on the Chinese side a similar sentiment exists for Pakistan. It is a friendship rooted in the hearts and minds of the people of the two countries. 1 An insight into the significance of developments of relationships between the two nations are outlined below: â€Å"In 2005, China and Pakistan signed a land mark Treaty of Friendship and Co-operation, whereby they committed that neither party will join any alliance or bloc which infringes upon the sovereignty, security and territorial integrity of either nation, while simultaneously positing tha t both parties would not conclude Treaties of this nature with any 3rd party. †2 The above agreement is manifest of the deep rooted friendship between the two states.The security and territorial integrity of any nation is the most vital element for existence for any nation. Pakistan China relationship were based on these foundations. Having build a solid foundation of friendship, China provided physical, technical and financial support to Pakistan on a number of vital projects bringing huge economic benefit. The infrastructure projects of Karakoram highway and Gwadar Port are a few significant developments. The construction of Gwader Port will bring immense economic activity in the area.It will also afford a strategic entrance to the Arabian Sea and the Indian Ocean thus gaining a considerable influence in the region. The People's Republic of China enjoys strong defence ties with Pakistan. China fully supported Pakistan in its 1965 war against India. China's source of military equipment to Pakistan has steadily increased over the years. Ever since the dependence on American military equipment has become unreliable and prone to undeclared conditions, the induction of Chinese hardware has increased. China has helped to establish ammunition factories, provided technological assistance in modernizing existing facilities.Joint ventures such as development of JF-17 Thunder fighter air craft, AWACS system, Al-Khalid tanks, Babur cruise missiles are symbol of deep rooted military co-operation. China has also a vital strategic interest in developing relationship with Pakistan. Ever since the China – India skirmish in the sixties over border dispute which resulted in India building up its forces along the disputed border leading to Chinese military intervention, China has opted for strong partnership with Pakistan to check any hemoginistic designs of India in the region.This analogy can best be summed up by Lisa Curtis in an article titled â€Å"Extent of Pakistan China Relationship† as under: â€Å"Pakistan and China have long-standing strategic ties, dating back five decades. China maintains a robust defence relationship with Pakistan and views a strong partnership with Pakistan as a useful way to contain Indian power in the region and divert Indian military force and strategic attention away from China.The China-Pakistan partnership serves both Chinese and Pakistani interests by presenting India with a potential two-front theater in the event of war with either country. Chinese officials also view a certain degree of India-Pakistan tension as advancing their own strategic interests, as such friction bogs India down in South Asia and interferes with New Delhi’s ability to assert its global ambitions and compete with China at the international level. †3 China is fast emerging as the biggest economic super power.Economic trade between China and Pakistan is rapidly increasing at a fast pace. Chinese products have f looded the Pakistani market. â€Å" Current trade between both countries is at $ 9 billion, making China the second largest trade partner of Pakistan. † 4 China has also played a significant role in the development of nuclear power plants for peaceful purposes. The material and technical support provided by China in the completion of Chasma Nuclear Power Complex is a manifest of the deep rooted relationship.This has been despite the fact of increasingly stringent export controls in western countries and opposition by major super powers thus it is true to state that Pak-China relationship is â€Å"Time tested and All weather. † In Chinese, Pakistan found a best and most reliable friend. China always helped Pakistan economically and militarily when there was no hope for external help. On the diplomatic front, Pakistan always find China firmly standing behind its back.As a reciprocal, Pakistan was not only the first country to recognize China but it always supported China 's claim to the Chinese seat in the United Nations. Pak-China friendship is an all weather and time tested relationship based on mutual trust and respect. Both the countries enjoy convergence of views on all bilateral regional and international issues. To conclude it can be said without any doubt that Pak-China relationship is exemplary, which continues to grow and is envy for others. It is a friendship which is rooted in the hearts and mind of the peoples.

Workers without Jobs

GAP cannot reflect positive or negative externalities Involve In the consumption and production UT these externalities do affect on people's living standard. Negative externalities such as pollution brings environmental costs to society but not calculated by GAP. Positive externalities such as technological advance benefits to society but it is not count in GAP. Economic well-being would be under-value or over-value if GAP is the only single measure of economic well-being. 3. Leisure helps people enjoy a better life.In countries with lower GAP, the welfare gain from leisure can compensate the welfare loss from low GAP. Explain why frictional and structural unemployment are unavoidable in most of the economies. There are always some workers without Jobs, even when the overall economy is doing well. For example, people now prefer cell phones from Apple than from Monika. Monika decides to cut down Its employees due to the decrease of revenue. It takes time for him (the worker) to search another job that is best suited for him. In this period when matching jobs and workers, he is unemployed and it is called frictional unemployment.Another example is that now most of the textile factories decide to move to mainland China. A worker in one of these factories loses her job, however, he Is unable to learn or change new working skills or knowledge on other specialist or other field. And therefore, she cannot find a new Job In her Orlando Industry and also in other industries. This imbalance between the skills and other characteristics of some workers and the needs of workers in the labor market causes unemployment called structural unemployment.When unemployment consist only frictional and structural unemployment, unemployment is at natural rate. In most of the economies, there are always some reasons causing frictional or structural unemployment. Employment rate never fall to zero it fluctuates around the natural rate of unemployment. Therefore, frictional and structura l unemployment are unavoidable in most of the economies. What are the three major functions of money? Discuss how these functions be affected by inflation. Account and a store of value.A medium of exchange is an item that buyers give to sellers when they purchase goods and services. When you buy a shirt at a clothing store, the store gives you the shirt, and you give the store your money. This transfer of money from buyer to seller allows the transaction to take place. When you walk into a store, you are confident that the store will accept your money for the items it is selling because money is the commonly accepted medium of exchange. A unit of account is the yardstick people use to post prices and record debts.When you go shopping, you might observe that a shirt costs $30 and a hamburger costs $3. Even though it would be accurate to say that the price of a shirt is 10 hamburgers and the price of a hamburger is 1110 of a shirt, prices are never quoted in this way. Similarly, if yo u take out a loan from a bank, the size of your future loan repayments ill be measured in dollars, not in a quantity of goods and services. When we want to measure and record economic value, we use money as the unit of account.A store of value is an item that people can use to transfer purchasing power from the present to the future. When a seller accepts money today in exchange for a good or service, that seller can hold the money and become a buyer of another good or service at another time. Money is not the only store of value in the economy: A person can also transfer purchasing power from the present to the future by holding monetary assets such as stocks and bonds. The term wealth is used to refer to the total of all stores of value, including both money and monetary assets.What assumptions are necessary to argue that the quantity equation of money implies that increases in the money supply lead to proportional increases in the general price (a) Discuss two reasons why the GAP deflator gives a different rate of inflation than the ICP does. 1. 12 PEP (6 marks) (b) Explain the likely effect of a binding minimum wage on the unemployment rate. (5 marks) (a) Suppose an economy that is initially at full employment faces a tremendous drop n imports. I.

The Constitution Of The United States Essay - 1618 Words

The First Amendment is arguably one of the most important amendments ever added to the Constitution of the United States. It is designed to protect four basic freedoms: the freedom of speech, freedom of religion, the right to assembly and freedom of the press. When this amendment was drafted by the founding fathers, it was done in response to some of the events that had precipitated the American Revolution. Over time, the interpretation of these freedoms has changed as seen by various actions in government, but especially in rulings from the Supreme Court. The First Amendment has had a special importance from its beginnings to today. The First Amendment was initially created to protect freedoms that the founding fathers felt had been violated by the British or other governments at one time or another. For example, the freedom of speech and of the press was deemed important to allow citizens to speak their thoughts and opinions about the government. The founding fathers agreed with a prevailing theory at the time that governments have power mainly through the consent of the governed. Should the people become dissatisfied with the government, it is important that their opinions and thoughts be heard. Freedom of the press is closely related to freedom of speech. During the American Revolution individuals like Thomas Paine wrote pamphlets about the problems that the Americans were having with the British government. These pamphlets were understandably unpopular with theShow MoreRelatedThe United States Constitution And The Constitution Essay1491 Words   |  6 PagesThe United States Constitution, this very detailed group of words was written in 1787, but it did not take effect until after it was ratified in 1789, when it replaced the Articles of Confederation. It remains the basic law of the United States then and till the present day of 2016. The first state to ratify the Constitution was Delaware; the last of the original thirteen to ratify was Rhode Island and since only nine were required, this was two years after it went into effect. When the U.S. ConstitutionRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States Constitution Essay1185 Words   |  5 Pages(framers’ of the U .S. Constitution) position on the Presidency: The framers experienced the abuse of the English monarchs and their colonial governors. As a result, the framers were skeptical of the excessive executive authority. Furthermore, they also feared excessive legislative powers. This was something that the Articles of Confederation had given their own state legislatures. The framers of the constitution deliberately fragmented power between the national government, the states, and among the executiveRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States885 Words   |  4 Pages In 1787, our founding fathers came up with a few principles that would establish what we now know as the United States of America. These principles were put on paper to serve as a guideline for how the United States would be operated and structured. This historical piece paper became known as the Constitution of the United States. In the Constitution, a Preamble is implemented at the beginning that essentially tells what the founding fathers set out to do. â€Å"We The People, in order to form a moreRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States894 Words   |  4 Pagesthe substratum for that country. A Constitution can be defined as a document that is the substratum of the country’s principles. Elements in the Constitution may contain sundry information. Which can include: how many terms a leader may serve, what rights the citizens have, how the judicial system works, etc. The United States in no different from those countries. Every constitution is different, no country has the exact constitution as another. The U.S Constitution is a four-page document detailingRead MoreThe United States Constitution Essay1515 Words   |  7 PagesThe United States constitution was written in 1787 by the founding fathers of this country. Now it might be appropriate to question why a document that is the basis of the government for one of the most culturally and racially diverse countries in the world, was written by a group of heterosexual, cisgender, rich, white men. Some might think that a constitution written well over 200 years ago would be outdated and irrelevant to the American society of today but with some research, it is quite theRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States756 Words   |  4 PagesPromulgation and Legislation in the U.S. Constitution: The federal system of government of the United States is based on its constitution. The Constitution grants all authority to the federal government except the power that is delegated to the states. Each state in the United States has its own constitution, local government, statute, and courts. The Constitution of the United States sets the judiciary of the federal government and defines the extent of the federal court’s power. The federalRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States1007 Words   |  5 PagesThe United States of America has previously experienced failure every now and then. With trial and error, the country has learned to correct its ways and move toward(s) perfecting itself. Realizing the ineffectiveness of the Articles of Confederation is a prime example of the U.S. learning how to better itself. Subsequent to the Articles of Confederation, the Constitution of the United States was set as our new and improved framework of government. Possessing knowled ge on how America, although strongRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States951 Words   |  4 Pageshappening again. Unlike the artifacts, The Constitution of the United States has not been forgotten, it is actually still very alive today. Unlike most relics, The Constitution still holds a very heroic and patriotic implication, freedom. With freedom comes self-government, freedom of speech, religious tolerance, etc. With all these things comes the great responsibility to adapt and fit to the wants and needs of the decade. Even though the Constitution was made for the interests of the people ofRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States1338 Words   |  6 Pages The Constitution is the basis of law in The United States and has been since it was written in 1789. Since then it has been amended 27 times with the first ten amendments collectively known as the Bill of Rights. The US Constitution was preceded by the Articles of Confederation and supported by the Federalist Papers which we will touch more on later. James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, John Adams and Thomas Jefferson all wrote or influenced The Constitution in a very important way. Alexander HamiltonRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States1388 Words   |  6 PagesInterpretation of the Constitution is one of the biggest conflicts within the United States–the highly contentious issue of states’ rights resulted from two different interpretations of what powers should belong to the federal government versus what powers belong to the individual states. No issue has ever caused as much turmoil as the issue of states’ rights–but one side must have more v alid arguments. Should the federal government’s power be superior, or should the authority of the individual states be held